Here is an interesting article with some interesting information on geology. As has been pointed out in the comments to the article, it misses the mark a bit with respect to Tolkien particularly, because the landforms were not created by natural geological forces (or at least not solely) within that world:
Tolkien?s Map and The Messed Up Mountains of Middle-earth | Tor.com
Tolkien?s Map and The Messed Up Mountains of Middle-earth | Tor.com