Ask me about Eastern Asian culture, mostly Japan related

If anyone needs references of any kind tied with Japanese culture, or Asian cultures that were in contact with Japan, feel free to ask your questions here.

Whether about culture, language, writing and education system, Court and politics, religion, military, ideology or even interpersonal relations, I will do my best to help and provide information.

I am Japanese language and Japanology major, on my fourth year of studies, so I did go through mostly all aspects of the culture and it's ties to China and Korea.

Contemporary and historical stuff, all is welcome.

 

Well, the first thing is that different cultures have different views on what is acceptable and unacceptable. When talking about the Japanese it is the base of their religions, their deeply rooted philosophy that binds the mind of people even today. Avoiding the topic of Western influence on culture (I would go too wide for the subject) the Japanese do believe that it is an epitome of good behaviour to keep your emotions in balance, which means not to show them in public. It doesn't mean they don't have emotions certainly, but when being surrounded by the same behavioural pattern your whole life, you learn from the environment. That is why Japanese people emotionally bloom (in my opinion) when they go to visit or live in other countries. Yes, they still keep the air around them, but they are more relaxed as they are not as constricted by the environment anymore. A good example of that are my teachers who came to work here from Japan and they got friendlier and closer than your average Japanese person. As students we even went drinking with them, partying and billiards, having what is considered normal human contact, laughing, hugging, friendly body interaction etc. But we still kept the teacher-student relationship intact in terms of respect and way of speaking. Of course, in class that type of relaxed behaviour is diminished by the authoritative place.
What I am trying to say is that because of the philosophy which is common there it is common for the people not to get openly emotional in public. Even in smaller circles of families it is considered inappropriate when a child gets older, or between spouses in front of anyone else. Emotions are private and because of it they should be kept in privacy of the people they are entitled to. When it is a negative type of emotion it is usually suppressed, because the culture teaches politeness over everything, to the point that when they want to say 'no' they will instead say 'maybe'. And these types of responses are numerous.
Maybe the strongest influence leading to it is their view on 'pride'. Not as in pride being proud of your accomplishments or proud of someone, nor bragging, but pride in the Japanese sense, that being giri.
Giri is more like duty, obligation towards keeping yourself and your family's name clear of anything bad or disrespectful. As my good friend wikipedia notified me it is "to serve one's superiors with a self-sacrificing devotion". But it is more than even that. It is the deepest awareness of one's actions and how they influence the world and the way the world will see them, so it must follow the rules which came to be through the religion, philosophy and cultural heritage. The best portrayal of giri is probably seppuku (harakiri) which is the washing off a person's sins from them and their family, so their giri is not destroyed. Families that have the code broken are shamed by everyone, so the only way to erase the shame is by doing the act of ritualistic suicide. It is the only way to restore honour.
I know all this may sound rather complicated to a Western point of view, so I do have a recommendation which helped me clarify to myself when I was starting my studies. Read the short story by Lafcadio Hearn, "The Japanese Smile" that clarifies a lot why the Japanese act in this way. You can find it here: Lafcadio Hearn's Essay: The Japanese Smile

Also note that Lafcadio was a Westerner who went and lived in Japan until the end of his life, and was one of the first who managed to understand their culture in such deep social and personal ways that he was named an honorary Japanese and given a Japanese name. Read that one, and find other short stories of his, they are a wonderful read and clarify many subjects that the West has a problem understanding about Japan.

 

Religion was just one of the catalysts for the forming of Japanese behavioral patterns. And Japanese are not only Buddhists, but also practice Shintoism. And there are all the other mono-theistic religions present as well. But, when I said religion as a factor, I was more on the line how their religion taught philosophical and ethical lessons.

Japan managed to merge its two most widely spread religions at one point in history; but not merge as in they became one. It was the practice of both, together, because they were complementary in their teachings that this sort of merging could've occurred. Buddhism and Shintoism have a lot in common with teaching behaviour, life philosophy etc. and so they are not the religion in the sense that Westerners see it. They are religions none the less, and with making them a part of everyone's lives they managed to set the values the society honours to this day.

As for your question, giri is again one of the answers, as you must keep your honour intact by doing your job well, being efficient, making good results and not wasting time and resources. But what I think is mostly responsible can be found in the Japanese modern economics - Keizai.

Not to drown you in the total mass of keizai politics, the gist of it all is in the phrase: "Quality over quantity."

That phrase defines the Japanese market in all of its aspects, as opposed to the Western market where in production quantity is the most important factor. Quality control is the term that describes a set of rules and regulations that must be applied for every single product in a line, so it can be deemed of enough quality to be put on the market. Transfer that to another branch, like educational system/workplace and you can see why they study/work so hard. The exact origin, I would have to look up, but it is probably because in the past efficiency was one of the highest values in the society so it is maintained even today.

Off-topic a bit, Japanese treat everything in life with focus and dedication, half-as*ing it is out of the question for them, even in ordinary life stuff.

Fun fact: Japanese language is one of the rare languages, if not the only one in the world that has a word for "death from overworking". It is karooshi.

 

Shintoism is not practiced in the way the Western religions are practiced. And the same goes for Buddhism as a matter of fact. It is the way of thinking and living, and small daily rituals that portray what became of their religions, not that being religious is something everyone does. It is not so much the religion as it's the religious doctrines being rooted in the society.

And Fyle, you probably have a lot more experience with the subject since you were in Japan (while I can only dream about it) but what I wanted to say wasn't the thing you are implying (it is a misunderstanding, probably because my explanation was lacking). The thing I said above applies here as well - it is not devotion to religion, rather a sense that forms a person with things that are taught to be right and wrong from childhood, and thus they influence how they act. There are some instances though that the religious practice does come into view - matsuri for example, or weddings and funerals, and visiting shrines on special occasions.

Modernization has destroyed the sense of being Japanese as some older people are saying there (I saw an interview somewhere about that), as the Western influence was so strong, and Japan being the epitome of accepting other's cultures and views and then transforming them is probably why it was inevitable for people to change. A lot was lost, young people are not so deeply rooted into the older culture and heritage in the same way, they are increasingly uninterested in anything but a small circle of things, do not want families, or do not want jobs. The former leads to overworking, the latter to hikikomori (in the worst case scenarios). I will note that all this is not true for every individual Japanese person, but the overall feeling is there somewhere.

And to come back to your words, they are still considered Buddhist, even though the practice of Buddhism is lost from what it was before. When religion is concerned, there are always people who are active practitioners, and the ones that are not. Of course, if a person says they are not religious, then they surely don't fall into the Buddhist category, or any other. But the Buddhist teachings that were so pronounced in previous centuries (or should I say, before the Meiji period) are alive in the form of ethics and philosophy that influence the Japanese way of thinking.

 

Fyle - I actually said the same thing when I said that if they are not they shouldn't be labeled as Buddhist.

WooHoo - What I stated and you quoted is from the interview I saw that a Japanese man was saying. It is not by any means my personal opinion, and being a nationalist even less. In my opinion Japan did a fantastic job with merging all those different things, becoming what it is today. Unlike the man in the interview I don't consider their traditional spirit lost completely. I was just stating what was the view of someone who is Japanese. I really hope I won't always have to backtrack on every thing I say if people are going to point out each little thing I write like this.

And I do mean Buddhism, I know my terminology, although I did say philosophy under which I did mean Confucianism. In Japan they are all mixed and matched, they are used together and not separate, so they basically share almost completely similar set of values - Buddhism, Shintoism and Confucianism. Don't take it literally, there are many differences between them, but the similarities were the ones that were able to make it possible for the Japanese to have them all without interfering or annulling each other.