Rydios is an island to the south of the four kingdoms. It's topography and geography is based on that of southern Italy and Greece. It's culture is a combination of ancient Greek and ancient Roman. Once a powerful empire, Rydios was destroyed by a giant earthquake and is now an island covered with ruins. It's a hot spot for treasure hunters, historians and archaeologists alike.
Osyrica is oldest human empire in existence. It's topography and geography are based on northern Africa and the Middle East. The culture is based on a combination of ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia.
Sanguinestos is the homeland of the vampires. It's topography and geography is based on central Europe. The culture is based on a combination of Slavic (particularly Romania and Hungary) as well as Bavarian in the far south.
Voldenskagg is the northernmost human country, just beneath the arctic circle. It's topography and geography is based on the northernmost parts of Scandinavia. It is heavily forested and spends much of the year in the winter season. It's culture is based loosely on the Vikings. It is the home of the werewolf shape-shifters. Nytt Voldenskagg takes it's nameplace from this country. Raiding parties from Voldenskagg landed on the shores of this loosely governed territory and conquered the lands all the way into the very northern portion of the kingdom of Zostrova. The Zostrovians then engaged in a ten years war with the newly formed Kingdom of Nytt Voldenskagg and managed to reclaim some of it's territory.
The southernmost sections of Nytt Voldenskagg, Eisen-schild (Iron Shield) and Eisen-schwert (Iron Sword) were named as such given the ferocity of armies of Nytt Voldenskagg which repelled wave after wave of Zostrovian invaders, eventually leading to a Zostrovian retreat and the subsequent end of the ten years war.
The capital of Rode-Skog (red forest) is named so due to the slaughter of the native inhabitants during the conquest and formation of Nytt Voldenskagg.